The Therapeutic Effects of Music in Disease Control.
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INTRODUCTION
As a music lover since childhood, I have fond memories of gathering empty containers and singing and playing with them. Doing this always boosted my mood and made me feel excited. Whenever I feel lonely, I find a quiet place to sit and sing until my spirit is lifted. Music has played a tremendous role in my life and continues to be one of the things that keeps me going.
What is music?
Here are several research-based explanations for music:
Music is an art form that uses sound and quiet as its medium. It is an aural communication technique that uses rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, and lyrical aspects to express emotions, thoughts, and messages (Cook, 1998).
Music is described as "the art of combining sounds in a way that is pleasing to the ear" (Oxford Dictionary, 2020). It is a universal language that may elicit emotions, trigger memories, and bring people together (Hanna-Pladdy & Mackay, 2011).
Music is classified into genres such as classical, jazz, rock, pop, and folk, each with its own set of features and styles (Tagg, 2013).
Classical Music
Classical music is a broad term that refers to music produced in the classical period, which spanned from approximately 1750 to 1820. It is characterized by its use of sonata form, tonality, and classical instruments such as the piano, violin, and orchestra (Bukofzer, 1947).
Classical music is known for its emphasis on melody, harmony, and structure and is often associated with composers such as Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven (Rosen, 1972). It is typically divided into three periods: the early classical period, the high classical period, and the late classical period (Grout, 1960).
Some of the key features of classical music include:
Sonata form: A musical structure consisting of an exposition, development, and recapitulation (Koch, 1983)
Tonality: The use of a central key or tonal center (Schoenberg, 1954)
Classical instruments: Such as the piano, violin, and orchestra (Baines, 1992)
Jazz Music
Jazz music is a genre of music that originated in the southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is characterized by its improvisational nature, blues and ragtime influences, and swing rhythm (Berendt, 1975).
Jazz music is known for its unique blend of African and European music traditions and is often associated with instruments such as the saxophone, trumpet, and piano (Gridley, 2004). It has evolved over the years into various subgenres, including swing, bebop, Latin jazz, and free jazz (Kernfeld, 1995).
Some of the key features of jazz music include:
Improvisation: The act of creating music spontaneously (Bailey, 1992)
Blue notes: The use of flattened thirds and sevenths to create a distinctive sound (Collier, 1978)
Swing rhythm: A strong, syncopated rhythm that emphasizes the "off-beat" (Schuller, 1968)
Rock Music
Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated in the 1950s and is characterized by its strong emphasis on rhythm, electric instruments, and often, rebellious or youth-oriented lyrics (Frith, 1978).
Rock music is a broad category that encompasses various subgenres, including:
□ Classic rock (Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones)
□ Hard rock (Guns N' Roses, Van Halen)
□ Punk rock (The Ramones, The Clash)
□ Alternative rock (Nirvana, Radiohead)
□ Heavy metal (Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden)
Some key features of rock music include:
Electric instruments: Guitar, bass, drums, and keyboards (Moore, 2001)
Strong emphasis on rhythm: Backbeat, driving rhythms, and syncopation (Covach, 2009)
Simple harmonies: Often using I-IV-V chord progressions (Everett, 2009)
Youth-oriented lyrics: Focusing on themes of rebellion, love, and social commentary (Frith, 1978)
Pop Music
Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in the 1950s and is characterized by its appeal to a wide audience, catchy melodies, and simple harmonies (Frith, 2001).
Pop music is often produced with the intention of being commercially successful and typically features:
□ Catchy melodies and hooks
□ Simple harmonies and chord progressions
□ Prominent use of synthesizers and drum machines
□ Focus on the single song rather than the album (Negus, 1999)
Subgenres of pop music include:
□ Dance-pop (Madonna, Justin Timberlake)
□ Electropop (Kraftwerk, Lady Gaga)
□ Pop-rock (The Beatles, Maroon 5)
□ R&B-pop (Michael Jackson, Beyoncé)
Some key features of pop music include:
○ Memorable melodies and hooks (Davies, 2010)
○ Simple, repetitive lyrics (Middleton, 1990)
○ Production techniques such as multitrack recording and digital editing (Zak, 2001)
Importance of Music
Music has been used for centuries as a form of therapy to aid in healing. Research has shown that music can have a positive impact on physical, emotional, and mental well-being. Here are some ways music helps in healing:
Reduces stress and anxiety: Music can calm the mind and body, reducing stress hormones and promoting relaxation.
Relieves pain: Music can help reduce pain perception by releasing endorphins, the body's natural painkillers.
Improves mood: Music can boost mood and reduce symptoms of depression by releasing neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
Supports physical rehabilitation: Music can aid in physical therapy by improving motor skills, coordination, and balance.
Enhances cognitive function: Music can improve memory, language, and cognitive processing in individuals with neurological disorders.
Foster's emotional expression: Music provides an outlet for emotions, helping individuals process and cope with challenging experiences.
Promotes social connections: Music brings people together, creating a sense of community and social support.
Lowers blood pressure and heart rate: Music can help regulate cardiovascular function, reducing blood pressure and heart rate.
Improves sleep: Music can aid in relaxation, leading to improved sleep quality and duration.
Increases feelings of joy and happiness: Music releases endorphins, promoting feelings of joy and happiness.
Remember, music is a personalized experience, and its healing effects can vary from person to person.
The Therapeutic Aspect of Music
Music therapy is a form of therapy that uses music to promote physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being. It has been used for centuries to aid in healing and relaxation and has become a widely accepted form of therapy in modern times.
Benefits of Music Therapy
A study has shown that music therapy reduces stress and anxiety (Hanna-Pladdy & Mackay, 2011), Improves mood and reduces symptoms of depression (Särkämö et al., 2008), enhances cognitive function and memory (Simmons-Stern et al., 2012), supports physical rehabilitation and motor skills development (Malhotra, 2017)
Music Therapy in Practice
Music therapy can be applied in various settings, including hospitals, schools, and private practices. Therapists use a range of techniques, including singing, playing instruments, and composing music, to achieve individualized goals.
Diseases Music Can Treat
Music therapy has been found to be effective in managing and healing a range of diseases and conditions, including:
Alzheimer's Disease: Music therapy has been shown to improve cognitive function, memory, and mood in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (Simmons-Stern et al., 2012).
Parkinson's Disease: Music therapy can help improve motor skills, balance, and gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease (de Dreu et al., 2012).
Stroke: Music therapy can aid in recovery from stroke by improving cognitive function, memory, and mood (Särkämö et al., 2008).
Depression: Music therapy has been found to be effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety (Hanna-Pladdy & Mackay, 2011).
Chronic Pain: Music therapy can help manage chronic pain by reducing pain perception and improving mood (Goldman et al., 2018).
Cancer: Music therapy can help alleviate symptoms of cancer and its treatment, such as pain, anxiety, and fatigue (Bradley et al., 2017).
CANCERS: TYPES AND CAUSES
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. It can affect any part of the body and can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Types of Cancer:
Carcinoma: Cancers that arise from epithelial cells (e.g., breast, lung, colon)
Sarcoma: Cancers that arise from connective tissue cells (e.g., bone, muscle)
Leukaemia: Cancers that arise from blood cells (e.g., lymphoma, myeloma)
Lymphoma: Cancers that arise from immune cells (e.g., Hodgkin's, non-Hodgkin's)
Causes and Risk Factors:
Genetics: Family history, inherited mutations (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2)
Environmental factors: Tobacco, radiation, viruses (e.g., HPV, HBV)
Lifestyle factors: Diet, physical inactivity, obesity
Symptoms:
Unusual bleeding or discharge, lumps or thickening of skin, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, changes in bladder or bowel habits, and persistent cough or hoarseness
Diagnosis:
- Medical history and physical exam
- Laboratory tests (e.g., blood work, imaging)
Biopsy: Examination of abnormal cells
Chronic Pain
Chronic pain is a persistent and ongoing pain that lasts longer than the normal healing process, typically more than 3-6 months. It can be caused by various factors, including:
Injury or trauma, infection or inflammation, chronic conditions (e.g., arthritis, fibromyalgia), nerve damage or neuropathy, and cancer or its treatment
Characteristics:
Persistent pain that lasts beyond the normal healing process, pain that is often described as aching, burning, or shooting, pain that can be constant or intermittent, pain that can interfere with daily activities and sleep
Types of Chronic Pain:
- Nociceptive pain (e.g., arthritis, injury)
- Neuropathic pain (e.g., nerve damage, diabetes)
- Centralized pain (e.g., fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome)
Depression
Depression is a mental health disorder characterised by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It affects mood, motivation, and overall well-being.
Types of Depression:
1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Severe symptoms that interfere with daily life.
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Mild to moderate symptoms lasting two years or more.
3. Postpartum Depression (PPD): Depression after childbirth.
4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Depression during winter months.
Causes and Risk Factors:
Genetics, brain chemistry, hormonal changes, trauma or stress, medical conditions, and substance abuse.
Symptoms:
Persistent sadness or emptiness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue or energy loss, difficulty concentrating, feeling of worthlessness or guilt
Diagnosis:
- Medical history and physical exam
- Laboratory tests (e.g., blood work, thyroid function)
- Psychological assessments (e.g., DSM-5 criteria)
Stroke Disease
Stroke disease, also known as cerebrovascular disease, is a condition where the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, either due to a blockage (ischemic stroke) or a rupture (hemorrhagic stroke) of the blood vessels.
Types of Stroke:
Ischemic Stroke: Caused by a blockage in a blood vessel, reducing blood flow to the brain.
Hemorrhagic Stroke: Caused by a rupture in a blood vessel, leading to bleeding in the brain.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): A temporary blockage, often called a "mini-stroke."
Causes and Risk Factors:
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Family history
- Age
Symptoms:
Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, Sudden confusion or trouble speaking, Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes, Sudden severe headache, Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance.
Diagnosis:
- Medical history and physical exam
- Laboratory tests (e.g., blood work, imaging)
- Neurological assessments (e.g., CT scan, MRI)
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, balance, and coordination. It is characterized by:
Tremors or shaking of hands, arms, legs, or jaw, Rigidity or stiffness of muscles, Bradykinesia or slowness of movement, Postural instability or balance problems, and Difficulty with walking, talking, and writing.
Causes and Risk Factors:
Genetics: Family history and certain genetic mutations
Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 60
Environmental factors: Exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, and other toxins
Medical conditions: Traumatic brain injury, stroke, and certain neurodegenerative diseases
Stages:
Early-stage: Mild symptoms, minimal impact on daily life
Moderate-stage: Noticeable symptoms, some impact on daily life
Late-stage: Severe symptoms, significant impact on daily life
Diagnosis:
- Medical history and physical exam
- Laboratory tests (e.g., blood work, imaging)
- Neurological assessments (e.g., UPDRS, DaTscan)
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behaviour. It is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases.
Characteristics:
Memory loss and cognitive decline, Difficulty with communication, problem-solving, and judgment, Mood changes, such as anxiety, agitation, and depression, Personality changes, such as apathy and suspiciousness, and Disorientation and confusion.
Stages:
Early-stage: Mild memory loss and cognitive decline
Moderate-stage: Noticeable memory loss and cognitive decline
Late-stage: Severe memory loss and cognitive decline, requiring full-time care
Causes and Risk Factors:
Genetics: Family history and certain genetic mutations
Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 65
Lifestyle: Physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet
Medical conditions: Diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol
Diagnosis:
- Medical history and physical exam
- Laboratory tests (e.g., blood work, imaging)
- Cognitive and neuropsychological assessments.
Recommended Songs in Music Therapy
In music therapy, the type of song used depends on the individual's needs and goals. However, here are some common types of songs used in music therapy:
Calming and relaxing songs:
- Slow tempo
- Soothing melodies
- Nature sounds
- Instrumental music (e.g., piano, guitar, flute)
Uplifting and mood-boosting songs:
- Upbeat tempo
- Happy and uplifting lyrics
- Familiar and nostalgic songs
- Music with a strong beat (e.g., rock, pop)
Memory recall and nostalgia songs:
- Music from the individual's past (e.g., childhood, teenage years)
- Familiar songs from movies, TV shows, or musicals
- Classic songs from specific genres (e.g., jazz, blues)
Emotional expression and processing songs:
- Music with emotional intensity (e.g., ballads, power ballads)
- Songs with lyrics that resonate with the individual's emotions
- Music that encourages expression and release (e.g., scream therapy)
Cognitive stimulation and engagement songs:
- Music with complex rhythms and melodies
- Songs that encourage singing along or participation
- Music with a strong narrative or storytelling
Physical movement and motor skills songs:
- Music with a strong beat and rhythm
- Songs that encourage movement and dance
- Music used in physical therapy and rehabilitation
Remember, the most important thing is to choose songs that resonate with the individual and support their therapeutic goals.
Why is Christian Music Highly Recommended?
Yes, Christian songs can be a valuable tool in music therapy! Christian music can provide comfort, solace, and spiritual support, which can be particularly beneficial for individuals who share the Christian faith. Here are some ways Christian songs can aid in music therapy:
Emotional comfort: Christian songs can offer reassurance, hope, and comfort during difficult times.
Spiritual connection: Christian music can help individuals connect with their faith, fostering a sense of peace and calm.
Positive lyrics: Many Christian songs have uplifting and encouraging lyrics, which can help counteract negative thoughts and emotions.
Familiarity: Christian songs can be familiar and nostalgic, providing a sense of security and comfort.
Community: Christian music can create a sense of community and shared experience, which can be beneficial for individuals feeling isolated or disconnected.
Some popular Christian artists and songs used in music therapy include:
- Hillsong Worship
- Chris Tomlin
- Lauren Daigle
- Kari Jobe
- "What a Beautiful Name"
- "Great Are You Lord"
- "Reckless Love"
- "You Say"
When using Christian songs in music therapy, consider the individual's personal beliefs and preferences. Music therapy should be tailored to the individual's needs and goals, and Christian music can be a powerful tool in this context.
About The Writer
Emmanuel Tetteh is a renowned Medical Journalist with a Professional Diploma in Medical Journalism from Nyarkotey University- College of Holistic Medicine and Technology. He also doubles as the C.E.O of C&E Naturopathic Clinic and a Traditional Medicine Practitioner.
Email: emma.k.tetteh3@gmail.com
Mobile: 0249707871
Disclaimer:
This article's material should not be used to self-diagnose or treat. Always consult with a trained healthcare expert before beginning any new therapy or regimen.
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